Gen Z Marriage: Loneliness as a Moderator of Partner Phubbing and Marital Satisfaction

Martaria Rizky Rinaldi; Jelang Hardika; Rinda Triastuti

doi:10.24854/jps.v13i1.4762

Penulis

Martaria Rizky Rinaldi Universitas Mercu Buana Yogyakarta https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7199-6031
Jelang Hardika Fakultas Psikologi, Universitas Mercu Buana Yogyakarta https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5885-4451
Rinda Triastuti Fakultas Psikologi, Universitas Mercu Buana Yogyakarta

https://doi.org/10.24854/jps.v13i1.4762

Kata Kunci:

generation Z, loneliness, marital satisfaction, phubbing

Abstrak

Generasi Z merupakan generasi digital natives yang sangat terbiasa dengan teknologi dan media sosial, yang dapat mempengaruhi berbagai aspek kehidupan, termasuk kepuasan perkawinan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi peran kesepian sebagai moderator dalam hubungan antara partner phubbing dan kepuasan perkawinan pada Generasi Z. Pendekatan kuantitatif korelasional dengan desain cross-sectional digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Partisipan yang terlibat yaitu 204 Generasi Z dengan usia 20-29 tahun yang telah menikah selama 1-7 tahun. Instrumen penelitian meliputi skala partner phubbing, skala kepuasan perkawinan, dan skala kesepian. Analisis data dengan modul mediasi moderasi dari Jamovi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa partner phubbing dan kesepian berkaitan negatif terhadap kepuasan perkawinan (Z = -2.633, p = 0.008; Z = -3.843, p < 0.001). Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa semakin tinggi tingkat phubbing yang dialami oleh pasangan, semakin rendah tingkat kepuasan perkawinan yang dilaporkan. Selain itu, semakin tinggi kesepian maka akan semakin rendah kepuasan perkawinan pada Generasi Z. Akan tetapi, tidak ditemukan efek moderasi kesepian dalam hubungan antara partner phubbing dan kepuasan perkawinan (Z = 0.794, p = 0.427). Hal ini mengindikasikan bahwa dampak phubbing terhadap kepuasan perkawinan tetap konsisten, baik pada individu dengan tingkat kesepian rendah maupun tinggi. Penelitian ini memberikan wawasan penting bagi pasangan dari Generasi Z mengenai dampak penggunaan teknologi terhadap hubungan perkawinan serta pentingnya memperhatikan faktor kesepian dalam menjaga kualitas hubungan. Pendidikan mengenai penggunaan teknologi secara bijak perlu untuk dilakukan agar kepuasan perkawinan dapat tercapai pada generasi Z.

Biografi Penulis

Martaria Rizky Rinaldi, Universitas Mercu Buana Yogyakarta

Psychology Faculty

Referensi

Al Iffah, N. (2024). Empowering Civil Society in the Digital Era: Preventing Lagging Behind in the Digital Civilization. SERUNAI, 2(1), 37–47. https://doi.org/10.63019/serunai.v2i1.42

Alimoradi, Z., Lin, C. Y., Imani, V., Griffiths, M. D., & Pakpour, A. H. (2019). Social media addiction and sexual dysfunction among Iranian women: The mediating role of intimacy and social support. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 8(2), 318-325.

Al-Saggaf, Y. (2022). Partner Phubbing. In: The Psychology of Phubbing. SpringerBriefs in Psychology. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-7045-0_3

Arab Alidousti, A.A., Nakhaee, N., & Khanjani, N. (2015). Reliability and validity of the Persian versions of the ENRICH marital satisfaction (brief version) and Kansas Marital Satisfaction Scales. Health and Development Journal, 4(2), 158-167.

Arocho R. (2021). "I have no idea:" Uncertainty in high school seniors' marital expectations. Population Research and Policy Review, 40(4), 771–793. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11113-020-09614-7

Arshad, A., & Imran, N. H. (2023). Partner Phubbing, Romantic Jealousy and Marital Satisfaction among Married Individuals. Applied Psychology Review, 1(2). https://doi.org/10.32350/apr.12.01

Ashwini, U. R. (2018). Work-life balance and marital satisfaction among working men and women. International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews, 5(4), 988-992.

Beukeboom, C. J., & Pollmann, M. (2021). Partner phubbing: Why using your phone during interactions with your partner can be detrimental for your relationship. Computers in Human Behavior, 124, 106932. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.106932

Bloch, L., Haase, C. M., & Levenson, R. W. (2014). Emotion regulation predicts marital satisfaction: More than a wives’ tale. Emotion, 14(1), 130.

Çakır, C., & Köseliören, M. (2022). Technoference as Technology Interference in The Communication Process: A Study on Married Couples. Erciyes İletişim Dergisi, 9(2), 609-626.

Carnelley, K. B., Vowels, L. M., Stanton, S. C. E., Millings, A., & Hart, C. M. (2023). Perceived partner phubbing predicts lower relationship quality but partners’ enacted phubbing does not. Computers in Human Behavior, 147, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107860

Chen, Y., & Hu, D. (2021). Gender norms and marriage satisfaction: Evidence from China. China Economic Review, 68, 101627.

Crane, D. R. (2013). Fundamentals of marital therapy. Routledge.

Csobanka, Z. E. (2016). The Z generation. Acta Educationis Generalis, 6(2), 63-76.

Dadoo, P., & Dabiri, S. (2019). Predicting the marital satisfaction based on marital burnout, loneliness and sexual function in married students. J Psychol Sci, 18(76), 499-507.

David, M. E., & Roberts, J. A. (2020). Developing and testing a scale designed to measure perceived phubbing. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(21), 8152. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17218152

David, M. E., & Roberts, J. A. (2021). Investigating the impact of partner phubbing on romantic jealousy and relationship satisfaction: The moderating role of attachment anxiety. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 38(12), 3590–3609. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407521996454

Fakari, F. R., Doulabi, M. A., & Mahmoodi, Z. (2022). Predict marital satisfaction based on the variables of socioeconomic status (SES) and social support, mediated by mental health, in women of reproductive age: Path analysis model. Brain and Behavior, 12(3). https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.2482

Finley, A. J., & Schaefer, S. M. (2022). Affective Neuroscience of Loneliness: Potential Mechanisms underlying the Association between Perceived Social Isolation, Health, and Well-Being. Journal of Psychiatry and Brain Science, 7(6). https://doi.org/10.20900/jpbs.20220011

Fotokian, Z., Pourhabib, A., Navabi, N., & Ghaffari, F. (2020). Designing a structural equation model of marital satisfaction based on aging perception and demographic and clinical variables in Iranian elderly patients with coronary artery disease. ARYA Atherosclerosis, 16(4), 161–169. https://doi.org/10.22122/arya.v16i4.2087

Fowers, B. J., & Olson, D. H. (1993). ENRICH Marital Satisfaction Scale: A brief research and clinical tool. Journal of Family Psychology, 7(2), 176–185. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.7.2.176

Garrido, E. C., Issa, T., Esteban, P. G., & Delgado, S. C. (2021). A descriptive literature review of phubbing behaviors. Heliyon, 7(5), e07037. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07037

Greeff, A. P., & Malherbe, H. L. (2001). Intimacy and marital satisfaction in spouses. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 27(3), 247–257. https://doi.org/10.1080/009262301750257100

Haggerty, B. B., Bradbury, T. N., & Karney, B. R. (2022). The disconnected couple: intimate relationships in the context of social isolation. Current Opinion in Psychology, 43, 24–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.06.002

Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2010). Loneliness Matters: A theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 40(2), 218–227. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-010-9210-8

Hogan, J. N., Crenshaw, A. O., Baucom, K. J. W., & Baucom, B. R. W. (2021). Time Spent Together in Intimate Relationships: Implications for Relationship Functioning. Contemporary family therapy, 43(3), 226–233. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10591-020-09562-6

Hou, Y., Jiang, F., & Wang, X. (2019). Marital commitment, communication and marital satisfaction: An analysis based on actor–partner interdependence model. International journal of psychology, 54(3), 369-376.

Hughes, M. E., Waite, L. J., Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2004). A short scale for measuring loneliness in large surveys. Research on Aging, 26(6), 655–672. https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027504268574

Igarashi, T. (2019). Development of the Japanese version of the three-item loneliness scale. BMC Psychology, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-019-0285-0

Kareem, R., Karim, R., Sethi, M. R., Inayat, S., Wahab, S., Ghayur, M. S., ... & Irfan, M. (2023). Translation, cross-cultural adaptation, and validation of ENRICH scale for marital satisfaction in Pashto. Sexual and Relationship Therapy, 38(4), 848-859.

Karimi, R., Bakhtiyari, M., & Arani, A. M. (2019). Protective factors of marital stability in long-term marriage globally: a systematic review. Epidemiology and Health, 41, e2019023. https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2019023

Kharpuri, F. L., & Priya, M. (2019). Role of gender and length of marriage in marital satisfaction and psychological well-being. Oxidation Communications, 42(3).

Khezri, Z., Hassan, S. A., & Nordin, M. H. M. (2020). Factors affecting marital satisfaction and marital communication among marital women: Literature of review. International journal of academic research in business and social sciences, 10(16), 220-236.

Khodabakhsh, S., & Le Ong, Y. (2021). The impact of partner phubbing on marital quality among married couples in Malaysia: Moderating effect of gender and age. Aloma: Revista de Psicologia, Ciències de l'Educació i de l'Esport, 39(1), 9-16.

Lavner, J. A., Karney, B. R., & Bradbury, T. N. (2016). Does couples' communication predict marital satisfaction, or does marital satisfaction predict communication?. Journal of Marriage and Family, 78(3), 680-694.

Lavner, J. A., Karney, B. R., & Bradbury, T. N. (2016). Does couples’ communication predict marital satisfaction, or does marital satisfaction predict communication? Journal of Marriage and Family, 78(3), 680–694. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12301

Maftei, A., & Măirean, C. (2023). Put your phone down! Perceived phubbing, life satisfaction, and psychological distress: the mediating role of loneliness. BMC psychology, 11(1), 332. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-023-01359-0

McDaniel, B. T., Drouin, M., & Cravens, J. D. (2017). Do you have anything to hide? Infidelity-related behaviors on social media sites and marital satisfaction. Computers in Human Behavior, 66, 88-95.

Mund, M., & Johnson, M. D. (2020). Lonely Me, Lonely You: Loneliness and the longitudinal course of relationship satisfaction. Journal of Happiness Studies, 22(2), 575–597. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-020-00241-9

Nawaz, S., Javeed, S., Haneef, A., Tasaur, B., & Khalid, I. (2014). Perceived social support and marital satisfaction among love and arranged marriage couples. International Journal of Academic Research and Reflection, 2(2), 41-50.

Nunes, C., Martins, C., Leal, A., Pechorro, P., Ferreira, L. I., & Ayala-Nunes, L. (2022). The ENRICH Marital Satisfaction (EMS) scale: a psychometric study in a sample of Portuguese parents. Social Sciences, 11(3), 107. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11030107

Olçum, G., & Gülova, A. A. (2023). Digitalization and Generation Z: Advantages and Disadvantages of Digitalization. In Two Faces of Digital Transformation: Technological Opportunities versus Social Threats (pp. 31-46). Emerald Publishing Limited.

Roberts, J. A., & David, M. E. (2016). My life has become a major distraction from my cell phone: Partner phubbing and relationship satisfaction among romantic partners. Computers in Human Behavior, 54, 134–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.07.058

Saporta, N., Peled-Avron, L., Scheele, D., Lieberz, J., Hurlemann, R., & Shamay-Tsoory, S. G. (2021). Touched by loneliness—how loneliness impacts the response to observed human touch: a tDCS study. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 17(1), 142–150. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsab122

Schokkenbroek, J. M., Hardyns, W., & Ponnet, K. (2022). Phubbed and curious: The relation between partner phubbing and electronic partner surveillance. Computers in Human Behavior, 137, 107425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107425

Sease, T. B., Sandoz, E. K., Yoke, L., Swets, J. A., & Cox, C. R. (2024). Loneliness and Relationship Well-Being: Investigating the Mediating Roles of Relationship Awareness and Distraction among Romantic Partners. Behavioral Sciences, 14(6), 439. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14060439

Seemann, A., Hughes, E., Roberts, T., & Krueger, J. (2023). Introduction: Loneliness. Topoi, 42(5), 1079–1081. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11245-023-09971-w

Serbanescu, A. (2022). Millennials and the Gen Z in the Era of Social Media. Social Media, Technology, and New Generations: Digital Millennial Generation and Generation Z, 61.

Tejada, A. H., Dunbar, R. I. M., & Montero, M. (2020). Physical contact and loneliness: Being touched reduces perceptions of loneliness. Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology, 6(3), 292–306. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40750-020-00138-0

The jamovi project (2024). jamovi. (Version 2.5) [Computer Software]. Retrieved from https://www.jamovi.org.

Tirocchi S. (2024). Generation Z, values, and media: from influencers to BeReal, between visibility and authenticity. Frontiers in Sociology, 8, 1304093. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2023.1304093

Tiwari, S. (2013). Loneliness: A disease? Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 55(4), 320. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5545.120536

Tough, H., Brinkhof, M. W., Siegrist, J., & Fekete, C. (2018). The impact of loneliness and relationship quality on life satisfaction: A longitudinal dyadic analysis in persons with physical disabilities and their partners. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 110, 61–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2018.04.009

Trucharte, A., Calderón, L., Cerezo, E., Contreras, A., Peinado, V., & Valiente, C. (2021). Three-item loneliness scale: psychometric properties and normative data of the Spanish version. Current Psychology, 42(9), 7466–7474. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-02110-x

Tummala, A. (2008). Marital Satisfaction. In: Loue, S.J., Sajatovic, M. (eds) Encyclopedia of Aging and Public Health. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-33754-8_280

Turner, A. (2015). Generation Z: Technology and social interest. The Journal of Individual Psychology, 71(2), 103-113.

Wang, X., & Zhao, K. (2022). Partner phubbing and marital satisfaction: The mediating roles of marital interaction and marital conflict. Social Science Computer Review, 41(4), 1126–1139. https://doi.org/10.1177/08944393211072231

Wang, X., Zhao, F., & Lei, L. (2021). Partner phubbing and relationship satisfaction: Self-esteem and marital status as moderators. Current Psychology, 40, 3365-3375.

Yam, F. C. (2022). The relationship between partner phubbing and life satisfaction: the mediating role of relationship satisfaction and perceived romantic relationship quality. Psychological Reports, 126(1), 303–331. https://doi.org/10.1177/00332941221144611

Yoo, H., Bartle-Haring, S., Day, R. D., & Gangamma, R. (2014). Couple communication, emotional and sexual intimacy, and relationship satisfaction. Journal of sex & marital therapy, 40(4), 275-293.

Zaheri, F., Dolatian, M., Shariati, M., Simbar, M., Ebadi, A., & Azghadi, S. B. H. (2016). Effective Factors in Marital Satisfaction in Perspective of Iranian Women and Men: A systematic review. Electronic Physician, 8(12), 3369–3377. https://doi.org/10.19082/3369

Zhan, S., Shrestha, S., & Zhong, N. (2022). Romantic relationship satisfaction and phubbing: The role of loneliness and empathy. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.967339