Kontrasepsi Darurat dalam Usaha Pencegahan Kehamilan yang Tidak Diinginkan: Tinjauan Pustaka
Authors
-
Ignatius Ivan
Fakultas Kedokteran dan Ilmu Kesehatan, Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6177-3793
Keywords:
Kontrasepsi Darurat, Kehamilan yang Tidak Diinginkan, Metode PencegahanAbstract
Salah satu faktor yang dapat menyebabkan peningkatan laju pertumbuhan penduduk adalah adanya meningkatnya angka kehamilan yang tidak diinginkan (KTD). Adanya KTD juga memungkinkan terjadinya aborsi yang tidak aman. Hal ini selanjutnya dapat menyebabkan peningkatan Angka Kematian Ibu (AKI). Salah satu strategi, Making Pregnancy Safer untuk menurunkan AKI adalah pencegahan KTD. Sebagai usaha untuk menanggulangi KTD maka tindakan yang dapat dilakukan adalah dengan kontrasepsi darurat. Tujuan dari pembuatan tinjauan pustaka ini adalah untuk mengetahui gambaran mengenai kontrasepsi darurat dalam usaha pencegahan kehamilan yang tidak diinginkan. Terdapat dua jenis metode kontrasepsi darurat yaitu dengan cara mekanik dan cara hormonal secara per oral. Berdasarkan kepustakaan, metode mekanik dengan menggunakan AKDR-Cu menjadi metode dengan tingkat keberhasilan tertinggi, namun metode ini membutuhkan tenaga terlatih yang dapat melakukan pemasangan AKDR-Cu. Metode kontrasepsi darurat dengan tingkat keberhasilan tertinggi kedua adalah dengan pil progestin, yang memiliki efektivitas tidak berbeda signifikan dengan penggunaan pil anti-progestin. Pil kombinasi memiliki efektivitas lebih rendah dan yang paling rendah keberhasilannya diantara semua metode yang disebutkan adalah dengan danazol.
References
Affandi, B, Adriaans, G, Gunardi, ER & Koesno, H 2012, ‘Buku Panduan Praktis Pelayanan Kontrasepsi Edisi 3’,.
Amran, R 1999, ‘Kontrasepsi Darurat: Pilihan Terkini untuk Mencegah Kehamilan yang Tidak Diinginkan’, in Seminar Sehari ‘Kontrasepsi Darurat’, Universitas Sriwijaya, Palembang, p. 8.
Anyikam, A 2012, ‘Ulipristal acetate versus low-dose mifepristone for emergency contraception: a systematic review’, Contraception, vol. 3, no. 85, pp. 317–318.
Arowojolu, AO, Okewole, IA & Adekunle, AO 2002, ‘Comparative evaluation of the effectiveness and safety of two regimens of levonorgestrel for emergency contraception in Nigerians’, Contraception, vol. 66, no. 4, pp. 269–273.
Aziz Ali, Sumera, Aziz Ali, Savera & Khuwaja, NS 2016, ‘Determinants of unintended pregnancy among women of reproductive age in developing countries: a narrative review’, Journal of Midwifery and Reproductive Health, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 513–521.
Badan Kependudukan dan Keluaraga Berencana Nasional 2007, Kamus Istilah Program Keluarga Berencana Nasional, Badan Kependudukan dan Keluarga Berencana Nasional, Jakarta.
Badan Pusat Statistik 2021, Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2020 1st edn, Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, retrieved from <https://www.bps.go.id/pressrelease/2021/01/21/1854/hasil-sensus-penduduk-2020.html>.
Bahk, J, Yun, S-C, Kim, Y & Khang, Y-H 2015, ‘Impact of unintended pregnancy on maternal mental health: a causal analysis using follow up data of the Panel Study on Korean Children (PSKC)’, BMC pregnancy and childbirth, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 1–12.
Black, KI & Hussainy, SY 2017, ‘Emergency contraception: Oral and intrauterine options’, Australian family physician, vol. 46, no. 10, p. 722.
Boggavarapu, NR, Berger, C, Von Grothusen, C, Menezes, J, Gemzell-Danielsson, K & Lalitkumar, PGL 2016, ‘Effects of low doses of mifepristone on human embryo implantation process in a three-dimensional human endometrial in vitro co-culture system’, Contraception, vol. 94, no. 2, pp. 143–151.
Cicih, LHM 2019, Info Demografi, Badan Kependudukan dan Keluarga Berencana Nasional, retrieved from <https://www.bkkbn.go.id/po-content/uploads/INFO_DEMO_2019_02.pdf>.
Cleland, K, Raymond, E, Trussell, J, Cheng, L & Zhu, H 2010, ‘Ectopic pregnancy and emergency contraceptive pills: a systematic review’, Obstetrics and gynecology, vol. 115, no. 6, p. 1263.
Díaz, J, Bahamondes, L, Diaz, M, Marchi, N, Faundes, A & Marini, M 1992, ‘Evaluation of the performance of the copper T380A IUD up to ten years. Is this IUD a reversible but potentially permanent method?’, Advances in contraception, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 275–280.
Food and Drug Administration 1997, ‘Prescription drug products; certain combined oral contraceptives for use as postcoital emergency contraception’, Federal Register, vol. 62, no. 37, pp. 8610–8612.
Foster, A & Wynn, L 2012, Emergency contraception: the story of a global reproductive health technology, Springer.
Glasier, A 1997, ‘Emergency postcoital contraception’, New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 337, no. 15, pp. 1058–1064.
Goldstuck, ND & Cheung, TS 2019, ‘The efficacy of intrauterine devices for emergency contraception and beyond: a systematic review update’, International journal of women’s health, vol. 11, p. 471.
Grimes, D, Von Hertzen, H, Piaggio, G, Van Look, PFA, Peregoudov, S, Vucurevic, M, Roberts, HE, Wu, SC, Bagshaw, SN & Otubu, JA 1998, ‘Randomised controlled trial of levonorgestrel versus the Yuzpe regimen of combined oral contraceptives for emergency contraception. Task Force on Postovulatory Methods of Fertility Regulation.’, Lancet (London, England), vol. 352, no. 9126, pp. 428–433.
Habsjah, A 2005, Hasil Studi Kasus Unsafe Abortion (ARROW) dalam Laporan Penelitian Temuan terkini Upaya Penatalaksanaan Kehamilan Tak Direncanakan, Yayasan Mitra Inti, Jakarta.
Von Hertzen, H, Piaggio, G, Peregoudov, A, Ding, J, Chen, J, Song, S, Bártfai, G, Ng, E, Gemzell-Danielsson, K & Oyunbileg, A 2002, ‘Low dose mifepristone and two regimens of levonorgestrel for emergency contraception: a WHO multicentre randomised trial’, The Lancet, vol. 360, no. 9348, pp. 1803–1810.
Jenkin, G 1980, ‘The mechanism of action of danazol, a novel steroid derivative’, Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 113–118.
Jin, J, Weisberg, E & Fraser, IS 2005, ‘Comparison of three single doses of mifepristone as emergency contraception: a randomised controlled trial’, Australian and New Zealand journal of obstetrics and gynaecology, vol. 45, no. 6, pp. 489–494.
Kementrian Kesehatan RI 2013, Buku Saku Pelayanan Kesehatan Ibu di Fasilitas Kesehatan Dasar dan Rujukan Edisi Pert. E Moegni & D Ocviyanti (eds), Kementrian Kesehatan RI.
Kementrian Kesehatan RI 2014a, Situasi dan Analisis Keluarga Berencana 1 (ed), InfoDATIN Pusat Data dan Informasi, Jakarta, retrieved from <https://pusdatin.kemkes.go.id/resources/download/pusdatin/infodatin/infodatin-kb.pdf>.
Kementrian Kesehatan RI 2014b, ‘Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor 97 Tahun 2014’, Kementrian Kesehatan RI, p. 119.
Lexicomp 2021, ‘Levonorgestrel (systemic): Drug information’, UpToDate, p. 1, retrieved June 27, 2021, from <https://www.uptodate.com/contents/levonorgestrel-systemic-drug-information>.
Mohamad, K 1998, Seri Kesehatan Reproduksi, kebudayaan, dan Masyarakat: Kontradiksi dalam Kesehatan Reproduksi, Pustaka Sinar Harapan, Jakarta.
Munuce, MJ, Gómez-Elías, MD, Caille, AM, Bahamondes, L, Cuasnicú, PS & Cohen, DJ 2020, ‘Mechanisms involved in the contraceptive effects of ulipristal acetate’, Reproduction, vol. 159, no. 3, pp. R139–R149.
Peck, R, Rella, W, Tudela, J, Aznar, J & Mozzanega, B 2016, ‘Does levonorgestrel emergency contraceptive have a post-fertilization effect? A review of its mechanism of action’, The Linacre Quarterly, vol. 83, no. 1, pp. 35–51.
Pemerintahan Provinsi DKI Jakarta 2007, ‘Keputusan Gubernur No. 171 Tahun 2007’, Jaringan Dokumentasi dan Informasi Hukum, retrieved April 30, 2021, from <https://jdih.jakarta.go.id/himpunan/produkhukum_detail/885>.
Perkumpulan Keluarga Berencana Indonesia 1998, Kehamilan yang Tidak Diinginkan (KTD) Seri Kesehatan Reproduksi Perempuan, Perkumpulan Keluarga Berencana Indonesia, Jakarta.
Rodriguez, MI, Godfrey, EM, Warden, M & Curtis, KM 2013, ‘Prevention and management of nausea and vomiting with emergency contraception: a systematic review’, Contraception, vol. 87, no. 5, pp. 583–589.
Santelli, J, Rochat, R, Hatfield-Timajchy, K, Gilbert, BC, Curtis, K, Cabral, R, Hirsch, JS, Schieve, L & Group, UPW 2003, ‘The measurement and meaning of unintended pregnancy’, Perspectives on sexual and reproductive health, pp. 94–101.
Seppälä, M, Koistinen, H, Koistinen, R, Hautala, L, Chiu, PC & Yeung, WS 2009, ‘Glycodelin in reproductive endocrinology and hormone-related cancer’, Eur J Endocrinol, vol. 160, no. 2, pp. 121–133.
Tahir, AM 2010, ‘Kontrasepsi Darurat (KONDAR)’, Fakultas Kedokteran Departemen Obstetri dan Ginekologi Universitas Hasanuddin, p. 1, retrieved from <https://med.unhas.ac.id/obgin/?p=108>.
United Nations 2019, ‘World population prospects 2019: highlights’, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division.
Webb, AM, Russell, J & Elstein, M 1992, ‘Comparison of Yuzpe regimen, danazol, and mifepristone (RU486) in oral postcoital contraception.’, British Medical Journal, vol. 305, no. 6859, pp. 927–931.
World Health Organization 1998, ‘Prevent Unwanted Pregnancy, A Newsletter of Worldwide Activity’, Safe Motherhood.
Yuzpe, AA & Lancee, WJ 1977, ‘Ethinylestradiol and dl-norgestrel as a postcoital contraceptive’, Fertility and Sterility, vol. 28, no. 9, pp. 932–936.
Zhang, L, Chen, J, Wang, Y, Ren, F, Yu, W & Cheng, L 2009, ‘Pregnancy outcome after levonorgestrel-only emergency contraception failure: a prospective cohort study’, Human Reproduction, vol. 24, no. 7, pp. 1605–1611.
Zuliani, G, Colombo, UF & Molla, R 1990, ‘Hormonal postcoital contraception with an ethinylestradiol-norgestrel combination and two danazol regimens’, European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 253–260.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Jurnal Kedokteran YARSI
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
