Effect of 100% Chamomile Extract on The Number of Staphylococcus Aureus Bacterial Colonies in Orthodontic Bracket (In Vitro Study)

Tjokro Prasetyadi; Sinta Deviyanti; Karlina Rahma Maharani

doi:10.33476/ydj.v1i2.160

Authors

Tjokro Prasetyadi Universitas Prof Dr Moestopo (Beragama)
Sinta Deviyanti Universitas Prof Dr Moestopo (Beragama)
Karlina Rahma Maharani Universitas Prof Dr Moestopo (Beragama)

https://doi.org/10.33476/ydj.v1i2.160

Keywords:

the 100% chamomile extract, Staphylococcus aureus, Chlorhexidine 0,2%, orthodontic brackets

Abstract

Abstract

Background: Fixed orthodontic appliances in malocclusion treatment consist of several components. Bracket components in fixed orthodontic appliances cause side effects such as gingivitis due to retention of Staphylococcus aureus bacterial plaque. Chamomile flower extract contains antibacterial compounds, α-bisabolol. Objective: To analyze 100% chamomile extract effectiveness of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria colonies in orthodontic bracket. Methods: This study using post test only control group design. Chamomile extract procure from percolation methods. Eighteen orthodontic brackets were divided into three groups, soaked in artificial saliva for 1 hour, contaminated with Staphylococcus aereus, then immersed in 100% chamomile flower extract solution, 0,2% chlorhexidine (positive control), and aquadest (negative control) for 30 minutes. Total of 0,1 ml of multilevel serial dilution from three different groups was dripped and streaked onto Brain heart infusion agar, incubated for 24 hours at 37^oC for further colony counting tests. Results: S. aureus bacteria colonies in orthodontic bracket group with 100% chamomile flower extract solution was not significantly different from 0,2% chlorhexidine group (p>0,05), but significantly lower than aquadest group (p<0,05). Conclusion: The 100% chamomile extract solution as effective as Chlorhexidine 0,2% in reducing number of Staphylococcus aureus colonies in orthodontic braket.

Keywords: Staphylococcus aureus, the 100% chamomile extract, Chlorhexidine 0,2%, orthodontic brackets.

References

Cerroni S, Pasquantonio G, Condò R, Cerroni L. Orthodontic Fixed Appliance and Periodontal Status: An Updated Systematic Review. Open Dental Journal. 2018;12:614-622.

Anggraini ID. Perbandingan Status Kesehatan Periodontal pada Pengguna Self-Ligating Bracket dengan Conventional Bracket di Poliklinik Spesialis Ortodontik RSGM Maranatha. [Tesis]. Universitas Kristen Maranatha. 2017:28.

Yohana W. Tindakan Yang Tepat Pada Pemakai Kawat Gigi Agar Gigi dan Mulut Selalu Sehat. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Penelitian dan PKM Kesehatan. 2016;6(1):48-52.

Yuwono Y. Staphylococcus aureus dan Methicilin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Palembang: Departemen Mikrobiologi FK Unsri;2012:1-52.

Arnold S, Koletsi D, Patcas R, Eliades T. The Effect of Bracket Ligation On The Periodontal Status of Adolescents Undergoing Orthodontic Treatment. National Center for Biotechnology Iinformation; 2016:13-24.

Newman M, Takei H, Klokkevold P, Carranza F. Clinical Periodontology. 13th ed. Philadelpia:Elsevier Health Sciences;2018:944.

Abbas MH, Al-Yasseen AK, Alhamadi WW. Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus among gingivitis in patient with orthodontic wires in Kufa City / Iraq. Pakistan Journal of Biotechnology. 2017;14(1):91–6.

Rahayu A, Sulastri S, Sutrisno S. Penggunaan Khlorheksidine 0,2% dan Povidone Iodine Terhadap Satus Gingiva Pasien Gingivitis di Puskesmas. Jurusan Keperawatan Gigi Poltekkes Kemenkes Yogyakarta. 2014:35.

Rondhianto R, Wantiyah W, Putra FM. Using Chlorhexedine 0.2% and Povidone Iodine 1% as Oral Decontaminazion to Colonization Staphylococcus aureus at Post Operative Patients with General Anasthesia. NurseLine Journal. 2016;1(1):176–83.

Deviyanti S. Cariogenic Antibacterial Potential of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni Leaves Extract Againts Lactobacillus acidophilus. 2nd Basic and Applied Science Conference (BASC). Nusantara Science and Technology Proceedings. 2022: 96-103.

Nurrahman HF, et al. Effectiveness of Matricaria chamomilla Essential Oil on Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Treponema denticola Biofilms. Journal of Indonesian Dental Association. 2020;3(2):77-82.

Şener B, Kiliç M. Herbal Extracts Used in Dental Disorders. Biomedic Journal Scientific and Technical Research. 2019;19(1):14107-14111.

Fitriah, Mappiratu, Prismawiryanti. Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Daun Tanaman Johar (Cassia siamea Lamk.) dari Beberapa Tingkat Kepolaran Pelarut. Jurnal Riset Kimia KOVALEN. 2017:3(3);242-251.

Azari A. A., Danesh A. Antibacterial Effect of Matricaria chamomilla Alcoholic Extract against Drug-Resistant Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Epidemiology and Microbiology. 2021;7(1): 29-35.

El-Shouny WAE, El-Zaher EHFA, Khalil MAE, El-Salam OA. Antimicrobial activity of chamomile acetone extract against some experimentally-induced skin infections in mice. Egyptian Journal of Environmental Research. 2014;2:58-70.

Ardiansyah, M. Shulchan; Prajarini, Megawati. Gambaran Status Gingivitis Pengguna Alat Ortodontik Cekat. Stomatognatic - Jurnal Kedokteran Gigi. 2019;1(16):25-27.

Angeline, D. Nina, Nazruddin. Perbedaan pelepasan ion nikel kawat stainless steel ortodonti yang direndam dalam obat kumur ekstrak buah mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia L.). Padjadjaran Journal of Dental Researchers and Students. 2021;5(2):110-118.

Wahl N. Orthodontics In 3 Millennia. Chapter 16: Late 20th-Century Fixed Appliances. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 2008;134(6):827-30.

Uzuner FD., Kaygisiz E., Çankaya ZT. Effect of the Bracket Types on Microbial Colonization and Periodontal Status. Angle Orthodontist. 2014:84(6);1062-1067.

Pedja S., et al. Clinical and Microbiological Parameters in Patients with Self-ligating and Conventional braket During Early Phase of Orthodontic Treatment. Angle Orthodontist. 2013:83(1);133-139.

Fernandes RB., et al. Influence of Orthodontic braket Design and Surface Properties on the Cariogenic Streptococcus mutas Adhesion. The Saudi Dental Journal. 2022:34(4);321-327.

Yener SB., Ozsoy OP. Quntitative Analysis of Biofilm Formation on Labial and Lingual Bracket Surfaces. Angle Orthodontist. 2020:90(1);100-108.

Mohsen Kazemi. Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oil of Matricaria recutita. International Journal of Food Properties. 2015;18(8):1784-1792.

Satyal P., Shrestha S., Setzer W.N. Composition and bioactivities of an (E)-β-farnesene chemotype of chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) essential oil from Nepal. Natural Product Community. 2015;10:1453–1457.

Chik MN, et al. Bacterial Adhesion on the Titanium and Stainless-Steel Surfaces Undergone Two Different Treatment Methods: Polishing and Ultrafast Laser Treatment. IOP Conferences. Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2018:358.

Mastuti S. Potensi Bakteriosin Pada Bakteri Asam Laktat Terhadap Staphylococcus aureus dan Escherichia coli. Jurnal Ilmiah Kesehatan Sandi Husada. 2022;11(1):25-30.

Hidayah N., Mustikaningtyas D., Bintari SH. Aktivitas Antibakteri Infusa Simplisia Sargassum muticum Terhadap Pertumbuhan Staphylococcus aureus. Unnes Journal of Life Science. 2017:6(2);49-54.

Asrianto, et al. Bioaktivitas Ekstrak Etanol Biji Pinang (Arecha catechu L.) Terhadap Staphylococcus aureus dan Escherichia coli. Jurnal Sains dan Kesehatan. 2021:3(6);839-845.

Henaulu AH., Kaihena M. Potensi Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Daun Kecipir (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC) Terhadap Pertumbuhan Escherichia coli dan Staphylococcus aureus In Vitro. Biofaal Journal. 2020:1(1);44-54.

Sadat S.S., Azari A.A., Mazandarani M., Evaluation of the Antibacterial Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Matricaria chamomilla, Malva sylvestris, and Capsella bursa-pastoris against MethicillinResistant Staphylococcus aureus. Journal of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2020; 8 (4): 127-131.

Alkuraishy H.M., Al-Gareeb A.I., Albuhadilly A.K., Alwindy S. In vitro Assessment of the Antibacterial Activity of Matricaria chamomile Alcoholic Extract againts Pathogenic Bacterial Strains. British Microbiology Research Journal. 2015;7(2):55-61.

Lagemaat MVD, et al. A Comparison of the Adaptive Response of Staphylococcus aureus vs. Streptococcus mutans and the Development of Chlorhexidine Resistance. Frontiers Microbial. 2022;13(1):861-890.

Nema M. A comparative clinical evaluation of the effect of chamomile, Aloe Vera and chlorhexidine 0.12% mouthwash on gingival health among visually impaired. International Journal Of Oral Health Dentistry. 2020;6(4):273–278.

Renuka S., Muralidharan NP. Comparison In Benefits of Herbal Mouthwashes With Chlorhexidine Mouthwash: A Review. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. 2017;10(2): 3-7.

Pithon MM, Sant’Anna LIDA, Baiao FCS, Santos RL, Santos RLD, Coqueiro RDS, Maia LC. Assesment of the Effectiveness of Mouthwashes in Reducing Cariogenic Biofilm in Orthodontic Patients: A Systematic Review. Journal Dentistry. 2015;43(3):306.